GIS Glossary
Definitions & FAQs you need to deepen your understanding of spatial data science and location intelligence
3D City Modeling
3D City Modeling is a digital representation process that aims to replicate a city or urban environment's real-world physical characteristics in three dimensions. The modeling can encapsulate various ...
3D Feature
A 3D Feature in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to any spatial entity that has dimensions in all three geometric planes - height, width, and depth. The feature can represent real-world ...
3D Landscape Flyovers
3D Landscape Flyovers refer to the computer-generated simulation of a natural landscape viewed from the perspective of an aircraft or drone. By using 3D modeling techniques, these visualizations off
3D Mapping Systems
3D mapping systems are advanced technologies that enable the creation, visualization, and analysis of three-dimensional spatial data. These systems are used to generate detailed and realistic models
3D Model
A 3D model is a three-dimensional representation of a physical object, structure, terrain, or living organism, created or simulated using computer software. They are generated by manipulating polygo...
3D Spatial Indexing
3D spatial indexing is a method used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to efficiently manage, query, and retrieve spatial data in a three-dimensional space. It extends traditional spatial inde
3D Surface Area
3D Surface Area, or Three-Dimensional Surface Area, is a measure in the field of Geographical Information System (GIS), used to quantify the surface area of a three-dimensional object in space. Surfa...
API Integration in GIS
API Integration in GIS refers to the use of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to enable interaction between Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other software applications.
Absolute Coordinates
Absolute coordinates are a type of data used in Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. These coordinates represent a unique and specific location on the earth's surface. They're often denot...
Accessibility Mapping
Accessibility mapping refers to the process of creating maps that highlight the ease or difficulty of reaching destinations using various modes of transportation. It often incorporates data and analytics.
Accurate Geometric Correction
Accurate geometric correction is a critical process in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, which involves the rectification and adjustment of spatial data to its tr
Across-Track Scanner
An Across-Track Scanner, also known as a whiskbroom scanner, is a specific type of scanning device used in remote sensing technology to capture data in a swathe perpendicular to the direction of the ...
Active Remote Sensing
Active Remote Sensing is a type of remote sensing that involves the emission and subsequent reception of radiation from a source. The sensor emits its own energy and measures the strength and time d...
Adaptive Mapping
Adaptive Mapping refers to a dynamic geospatial process that customizes map content and presentation based on specific user inputs, preferences, or environmental contexts. This technique involves th
Address Geocoding
Address geocoding is the process of associating or converting geographic coordinates with street addresses, ZIP codes, or other location identifiers. This process is primarily used to map and visuali...
Administrative Boundaries
Administrative boundaries are defined as the borders between different administrative entities, such as countries, states, counties, municipalities, and other regions governed by administrative rule
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is a broad-band, four or five channel (depending on the model) scanner, sensing in the visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared portions of the ...
Aerial Photograph
An aerial photograph is a photograph of the Earth's surface taken from an elevated or direct-down position, typically from an airplane, satellite, helicopter, balloon, or drone. These photographs ar...
Aerial Survey Analytics
Aerial survey analytics refers to the process of collecting, measuring, and analyzing data obtained from aerial sources, such as drones, aircraft, or satellites, to gather information about the phys
Aeronautical Chart
An Aeronautical Chart is a map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft, much as nautical charts do for watercraft, or a road map for drivers. Using various scales, these charts depict features ...
Agricultural Boundaries
Agricultural boundaries refer to the delineated lines or areas that define agricultural parcels, zones, or regions. These boundaries can encapsulate various scales of land ownership, management, and
Agricultural GIS
Agricultural GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in farming and agriculture industries. It is specifically designed to capture, manipulate, analyze, and present spatial or ...
Agricultural Yield Mapping
Agricultural Yield Mapping is a geospatial technique used to measure and visualize the variability in agricultural production across different sections of a farm field. By utilizing data collected f
Air Quality Index Mapping
Air Quality Index (AQI) Mapping represents the process of visually displaying air quality data onto geographical maps. This is done by using various geographic information systems (GIS) to facilitat
Algorithmic Map Simplification
Algorithmic map simplification refers to the process of reducing the complexity of a map while retaining its essential features and readability. This technique is particularly useful in geographic i
Altimetric Analysis
Altimetric analysis is a method used in geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to study and interpret the elevation and slope of the Earth's surface. This type of analysis is esse
Altitude Data
Altitude data is geospatial information that represents the height or elevation of a certain point or area above a reference level, typically sea level. This type of data is crucial for understanding
Anthropogenic Land Use Monitoring
Anthropogenic Land Use Monitoring refers to the systematic observation and analysis of changes in land use patterns that are caused by human activities. This includes the transformatio
Aquatic Habitat Mapping
Aquatic habitat mapping is a process that involves the collection, analysis, and presentation of spatial data related to various water-based environments. This type of mapping is used to understand,
Arc-Chord Distance Algorithms
Arc-Chord Distance (ACD) algorithms are computational methods used to quantify the difference between the actual path length of a curve (arc) and the straight-line distance (chord) between two point
ArcPy Scripting
ArcPy is a Python site package that provides a broad array of modules and functions specifically designed for automating spatial data management and analysis tasks within a Geographic Information Sy
Archaeological Sites
An archaeological site is a specific location that contains physical evidence of past human activity. These sites are often identified by the presence of artifacts, structures, or other cultural mat
Aspect (Terrain)
Aspect in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the compass direction that a terrain surface faces. It is an important topographical parameter that represents the horizontal
Atmospheric Data GIS
Atmospheric Data GIS refers to the integration and analysis of atmospheric data within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. This term encompasses the processes and methodologies for coll
Attribute Data
Attribute data in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the additional information about spatial features that is stored in a tabular format and linked to spatial data. This type of data, a ...
Attribute Table Operations
Attribute table operations in GIS refer to the set of actions or processes applied to the non-spatial data associated with geographic features. This non-spatial data, or attribute data, is stored in
Augmented Reality GIS
Augmented Reality Geographic Information Systems (AR GIS) integrates augmented reality (AR) technology with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Augmented reality is a technology that overlays digit ...
Automated Feature Extraction
Automated Feature Extraction refers to the process where computer algorithms, typically incorporated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, extract relevant features from geospatial data.
Automated Map Creation
Automated Map Creation refers to the process of using software and algorithms to generate maps automatically without the need for manual input or editing. This process involves the utilization of da
Automated Map Label Placement
Automated Map Label Placement refers to the use of computer algorithms and GIS software to automatically place labels on maps in a way that maximizes readability while minimizing overlap with featur
Azimuth Calculation
Azimuth calculation refers to the process of determining the angular measurement between a reference direction, often the true north, and a specific point or object of interest, measured in degrees
Band Combinations
Band combinations in geographical information systems (GIS) refer to the method of utilizing multiple bands from multispectral or hyperspectral imagery to produce new visual outputs or to extract sp
Base Layer
A base layer in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to a static map or imagery layer that provides a geographical reference for other overlaid data layers. It typically includ
Basemap
A basemap refers to a map depicting background geographic information that serves as a visual framework, upon which other additional layers with thematic data are overlaid. This underlying map is an ...
Basemap Customization
Basemap customization refers to the process of altering the appearance, content, and style of the underlying map layer in a Geographic Information System (GIS) or digital mapping applic
Bathymetric Mapping
Bathymetric mapping is the process of measuring and charting the depths of underwater terrains, including oceans, seas, and lakes. Similar to topographic maps that represent the Earth's
Bayesian GIS Analysis
Bayesian GIS Analysis is an approach within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that applies Bayesian statistical methods for spatial data analysis. This methodology integrates the Bayesian framewo
Big Data
Big Data refers to complex, large datasets that traditional data processing software cannot manage. They include structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data collected from various sources and ...
Bing Maps
Bing Maps is a web mapping service provided as part of Microsoft's Bing suite of search engines and powered by the Bing Maps for Enterprise framework. It provides road maps, street views, satellite/...
Biodiversity Mapping
Biodiversity Mapping refers to the process of using spatial data and geographic information systems (GIS) to portray the distribution, abundance, and richness of species within a partic
Biodiversity Zones
Biodiversity zones are geographical areas that are identified based on the richness and variety of living organisms within their boundaries. These zones are critical for conservation efforts as they
Biomass Estimation Mapping
Biomass estimation mapping is a spatial analysis technique used in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to measure the amount of organic material, primarily plant matter, in a given area. It involve
Biome Classification
Biome classification refers to the categorization of regions on Earth into distinct biomes. Biomes are large ecological areas characterized by specific climate conditions, flora, and fauna. The clas
Boundary Displacement Analysis
Boundary Displacement Analysis refers to the evaluation and visualization of shifts or changes in the location of spatial boundaries over time. This type of analysis assesses the degree, direction,
Boundary Disputes
Boundary disputes refer to disagreements or conflicts that arise over the location, ownership, or control of a geographic boundary. These disputes can occur at various levels, including internationa
Buffer Analysis
Buffer analysis is a key function in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) used to display and identify features that fall within a certain distance, specified by the user, from a particular feature ...
Buffer Zones
Buffer zones in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refer to areas that are generated at a specified distance around one or more geographic features. These zones serve as tools for sp
Cadastral Map
A cadastral map is a comprehensive land recording system that includes information about the ownership, tenure, precise locations, dimensions and other details of land properties. Based on the cadas...
Carbon Footprint Mapping
Carbon footprint mapping is the process of visualizing the carbon emissions associated with specific geographic areas, activities, or entities, using geographic information systems (GIS) and other m
Carbon Sequestration Mapping
Carbon sequestration mapping is a specialized process in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that involves the visualization and analysis of data related to the capture and storage of
Cartographic Abstraction
Cartographic abstraction is a process used in the creation of maps that involves simplifying and selecting certain geographic details while omitting others to represent and convey spatial informatio
Cartography
Cartography is the study and practice of creating maps or visual representations of geographic areas. It involves a blend of sciences, aesthetics, and technical skills to represent spatial data. It ...
Catchment Area
A catchment area, also known as a drainage basin or watershed, refers to a region or area bounded by natural geographical boundaries within which all precipitation collects and drains off into a com
Catchment Area Delineation
Catchment area delineation is the process of identifying the drainage area that contributes runoff to a specific point on a landscape, usually a point of interest like a river, reservoi
Catchment Basins
Catchment basins, also known as drainage basins or watersheds, are land areas where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet. This outlet could be a river, bay, or other body of wa
Cellular Automata in GIS
Cellular Automata (CA) in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to a discrete model used in computational and mathematical simulations. It consists of a grid of cells, each of which can take o
Census Boundaries
Census boundaries refer to the various geographic units defined and used by statistical agencies to gather, analyze, and disseminate demographic and socio-economic data. These boundaries can delinea
Census Data
Census data refers to the structured record of information collected by national or local authorities from every household and individual inhabiting a particular region or country. These records inc...
Change Detection
Change detection is a process used in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing to identify differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at differen
Choropleth Map
A Choropleth Map is a type of thematic map wherein areas are shaded or patterned in relation to a statistical variable that represents an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within each ...
CityGML
CityGML is an open standardized data model and exchange format used for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city and landscape models. It is based on the Geography Markup Language (GML) and has b
Climate Impact Scenarios
Climate Impact Scenarios are hypothetical constructs that illustrate potential future impacts of climate change based on varying levels of greenhouse gas emissions and other contributing factors. Th
Climate Regions
Climate regions refer to areas of the Earth's surface that possess distinct climatic conditions. These regions are categorized based on various climatic factors such as temperature, precipitation, h
Climate Zones
Climate zones are specific regions on Earth classified based on their long-term weather patterns and climatic conditions, such as temperature and precipitation. These classifications help scientists
Clip Analysis
The term Clip Analysis is one heavily used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software. Specifically, this technique involves taking the geometries from one layer and using them to cut, or "cli...
Cloud GIS
Cloud Geographic Information System (Cloud GIS) refers to a type of GIS technology which is hosted on the Internet, enabling GIS functionality and data access without the requirement of local hardwa...
Cloud-native GIS
Cloud-native GIS refers to Geographic Information System applications and services that are specifically designed to operate in a cloud computing environment. These systems leverage the scalability,
Clustering Algorithms in GIS
Clustering algorithms in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computational methods used to group a set of geographical data points into clusters based on their spatial or attribute similarities
Coastal Erosion Modeling
Coastal erosion modeling is a method used to simulate and predict changes in coastal landscapes over time due to the processes of erosion. These models help in understanding how various
Coastal Features
Coastal features refer to the various landforms and physical characteristics that are found along coastlines. They result from the interaction between the land and the sea through processes like ero
Cognitive GIS Interfaces
Cognitive GIS Interfaces refer to the user interface design and interaction paradigms in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that are grounded in cognitive principles. These interfaces aim to enhan
Community Boundaries
Community boundaries refer to the delineated borders that define the geographical area of a community. These boundaries can be determined by various factors such as cultural, social, economic, or ad
Community Mapping Projects
Community mapping projects refer to collaborative initiatives where local community members actively participate in the collection, analysis, and representation of geographic data to address specifi
Conformal Map Projections
Conformal map projections are types of map projections that preserve local angles and shapes, making them essential for certain cartographic purposes. These projections maintain the characteristic t
Connectivity Index Analysis
Connectivity Index Analysis is a method used in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that evaluates and measures the ease of access between different nodes in a network. This analysis i
Conservation Areas
Conservation areas refer to designated zones that are protected due to their natural, historical, or cultural importance. These areas are typically established to conserve wildlife habitats, biodive
Conservation GIS
Conservation GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies in conservation biology and environmental sciences. It involves the use, collection, analysis, and interpretati...
Contour Elevations
Contour elevations are a crucial aspect of mapping and geographic information systems (GIS) that represent lines of equal elevation on a map. These lines, known as contour lines, are used to illustr
Contour Lines
Contour lines are continuous lines on a map that represent points of equal elevation relative to a common vertical datum, usually above sea level. These lines help depict the three-dimensional chara
Contour Mapping
Contour mapping is a method utilized in the field of cartography and geographic information systems (GIS) to represent the three-dimensional surface of terrain on a two-dimensional map. It involves
Coordinate System
A coordinate system is a standardized method for identifying the location of a point on the earth's surface or in space by using numbers or coordinates. It is a mathematical way of depicting three di...
Coordinate Transformation
Coordinate transformation is the process of converting the coordinates of a point or set of points from one coordinate system to another. This is fundamental in geographic information s
Cost Surface Analysis
Cost surface analysis is a GIS (Geographic Information System) method used to determine the path or areas that minimize or maximize a particular 'cost' factor across a surface. This cost is often re
Cross-Border Mapping
Cross-border mapping refers to the process of creating, analyzing, and managing spatial data that encompasses two or more geographic areas divided by political or administrative boundaries. It invol
Cross-Section Analysis
Cross-section analysis in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of examining and interpreting data along a transect, a straight line cutting through a geographica
Crowdsourced Geodata
Crowdsourced geodata refers to geographic information that is collected, annotated, or curated by a large group of people, typically via digital platforms. This form of data collection leverages the
Cultural Geography
Cultural Geography is a subfield within human geography that focuses on the study of cultural products, norms, customs, and their spatial variations across the world. It examines how culture is expr
Cultural Heritage GIS
Cultural Heritage GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refers to the specialized application of GIS technology to collect, analyze, visualize, and manage spatial information related to
Cultural Landscapes
Cultural landscapes are geographical areas that have been shaped, influenced, and utilized by human activity, thereby reflecting aspects of a society’s history, values, and cultural expressions. The
Custom Terrain Models
Custom Terrain Models (CTMs) are digital representations of a given landscape or terrain that are tailored to fit specific user requirements or project needs. These models provide accurate topograp
CyberGIS
CyberGIS, short for Cyber Geographic Information Science and Systems, is an interdisciplinary field that integrates the advanced capabilities of cyberinfrastructure with geographic information syste
Cyclone Path Prediction Mapping
Cyclone path prediction mapping refers to the process of predicting the trajectory or path of cyclones using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This is a crucial aspect of meteorolo
DEM
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a 3D representation of a terrain's surface that does not include any objects like buildings or vegetation. It presents the bare ground surface without any objects, ...
Data Fusion in GIS
Data fusion in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of integrating multiple data sources and types to produce more consistent, accurate, and useful information. It involves var
Data Layers
Data layers, in the context of geographic information systems (GIS), refer to the thematic representation of spatial data that is overlaid on a map. These layers organize and display specific types
Data-Driven Cartography
Data-driven cartography refers to the creation of maps and visual representations of geographic data that are automatically updated and changed based on the data they are linked to. This process inv
Database Replication in GIS
Database replication in GIS refers to the process of copying and maintaining database objects, such as geospatial data, continuously or at regular intervals to one or more databases from a source da
Datum
A Datum is a reference or base for a system of geographic coordinates that serves as a standard measurement. It is a mathematical model that describes the Earth's shape and is critical in ensuring ac...
Decision Support Mapping
Decision Support Mapping is a process that involves the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and data visualization techniques to help decision-makers understand, analyze, and interpret spati
Deep Learning in GIS
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, itself a branch of artificial intelligence (AI), that offers advanced computational capabilities to model and understand complex patterns and relations ...
Deforestation Monitoring
Deforestation monitoring is the systematic observation and analysis of forested areas to detect changes in forest cover. This involves the use of various technologies and methodologies to track the
Deforestation Zones
Deforestation zones refer to specific geographic areas where the removal of trees and vegetation occurs either systematically or unsystematically, typically for purposes such as agriculture, urban d
Demographic Patterns
Demographic patterns refer to the statistical study of populations based on various factors such as age, race, gender, income, migration patterns, and other variables. These patterns are essential i
Desertification Risk Models
Desertification risk models are analytical tools used to assess and predict the likelihood of desertification occurring in a specific area. These models integrate various environmental, climatic, an
Digital Elevation Model
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a 3D representation of a terrain's surface created from elevation data. It is a digital model or three-dimensional representation of a geographic area's terrain's ...
Digital Map Libraries
A Digital Map Library is an online repository or collection of digital maps, geographic data, and related resources that are accessible through the internet. These libraries provide users with acces
Digital Twin Creation
Digital twin creation refers to the process of developing a virtual model that accurately reflects a physical object, system, or environment. This virtual representation is continuously updated with
Disaster Response Map Tools
Disaster response map tools are specialized geographic information system (GIS) applications and technologies used for managing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic data crucial for disaster prepa
Discrete Global Grid Systems
Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) are spatial referencing systems that partition the Earth's surface into a hierarchical set of contiguous, non-overlapping, and tessellating cells. T
Disease Outbreak Tracking
Disease outbreak tracking refers to the process of identifying, monitoring, and managing the spread of diseases. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to detect unu
Distributed GIS
Distributed GIS refers to the integration and management of geographic data and services shared across multiple computer systems and networks. It enables users to access, manipulate, and analyze spa
Drainage Basins
A drainage basin, also known as a watershed or catchment area, is a geographical area that collects precipitation and channels it through a network of rivers and streams until it ultimately drains i
Drainage Systems
Drainage systems in the context of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refer to the network of natural or engineered channels, conduits, or pipelines that serve to remove excess surface or subsurfa
Drone Mapping
Drone mapping refers to the use of drone or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology to capture high-resolution aerial data and generate digital maps in the forms of 2D orthomosaic maps, 3D models o...
Drought Early Warning Systems
A Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) is a strategic framework designed to monitor, forecast, and provide timely information about the onset, severity, and likely impacts of drought conditions. Thes
Drought Risk Mapping
Drought risk mapping is a geospatial analytical process used to visualize areas that are susceptible to drought. This involves evaluating multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors to understa
Dynamic Layer Rendering
Dynamic Layer Rendering is a GIS process that involves the real-time rendering of spatial data layers in response to user interaction or changes in the underlying data. This technique allows for the
Dynamic Segmentation
Dynamic segmentation is a geographic information system (GIS) technique used to manage linear features and their associated data, allowing users to map events along a route without the need for line
Dynamic Urban Growth Models
Dynamic Urban Growth Models (DUGMs) are computational simulations used to understand, predict, and visualize the expansion and transformation of urban areas over time. These models take into account
Earth Observation Data Processing
Earth Observation Data Processing refers to the systematic series of operations on data obtained from satellites, aerial devices, or other digital imaging platforms concerning the observation of Ear
Ecosystem Mapping
Ecosystem mapping is a method used to visually represent and analyze the distribution and characteristics of ecosystems across a particular geographical area. This process involves the identificati
Ecosystem Services Mapping
Ecosystem services mapping is a specialized process within geographic information systems (GIS) that involves the spatial representation, visualization, and analysis of the benefits that humans deri
Electric Grid GIS
Electric Grid GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in managing, analyzing, and visualizing the complex networks that constitute electric power grids. This integrat
Elevation Contours
Elevation contours, commonly known as contour lines, are a graphical method of representing three-dimensional surface features on two-dimensional maps. These lines connect points on the
Elevation Profiles
An elevation profile is a graphical representation depicting the changes in elevation along a specified path. Typically utilized in geographical information systems (GIS), cartography, and travel pl
Elevation Profiling
Elevation Profiling is a process in geographic information systems (GIS) that involves generating a vertical cross-section that represents the terrain elevation along a specified path. This techniqu
Emergency Response Mapping
Emergency response mapping is the process of creating and utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) and maps to coordinate, manage, and deploy resources during emergency situations, such as nat
Empirical Bayesian Kriging
Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) is a geostatistical interpolation method that automates the estimation of the semivariogram, which is one of the crucial steps in kriging. It refines the kriging pro
Environmental Compliance GIS
Environmental Compliance GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to help organizations and governmental bodies ensure adherence to environmental laws, regulations, a
Environmental Footprints
Environmental footprints are quantitative measures of the impact human activities have on the environment. These footprints assess the extent of ecological damage or pressure exerted by individuals,
Environmental Impact Assessment
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that identifies, predicts, evaluates, and mitigates the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals before signific...
Environmental Layers
Environmental layers are spatial datasets that represent various environmental factors, such as climate, vegetation, soil, water bodies, and human activities. These layers are integral in geographic
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Environmental Monitoring Systems (EMS) are integrated frameworks designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data about the environment. These systems use a variety of tools and technologies, such a
Ephemeral Map Layers
Ephemeral map layers are temporary spatial data layers within geographic information systems (GIS) or mapping software that exist for a limited period. They are often used to analyze or visualize da
Erosion Control Mapping
Erosion control mapping is a specialized use of geographic information systems (GIS) that focuses on identifying, predicting, and managing areas at risk of soil erosion. This process involves the co
Erosion Patterns
Erosion patterns refer to the identifiable arrangements or forms that result from the process of erosion. Erosion is a natural process that moves or wears away soil, rock, or dissolved material from
Ethnic Geography
Ethnic Geography is the study of spatial distributions and patterns of ethnic groups and their cultural characteristics on Earth’s surface. It focuses on understanding how ethnic identities are dist
Evapotranspiration Mapping
Evapotranspiration Mapping is the process of using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools to estimate the spatial and temporal distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) across a
Feature Extraction with AI
Feature extraction with AI involves using artificial intelligence techniques to identify and extract significant patterns or characteristics from raw geospatial data. This process translates complex
Field Survey Digitization
Field survey digitization refers to the process of converting survey data collected from the field into digital formats. This process allows for the efficient storage, manipulation, and
Flood Risk Zones
Flood risk zones refer to specific geographic areas that have been mapped and classified to indicate the level of risk associated with flooding. These zones are typically determined through hydrolog
Flood Vulnerability Assessments
Flood Vulnerability Assessments are systematic evaluations aimed at determining the susceptibility of a specific area or population to flood risks. These assessments involve the collection, analysis
Floodplain Mapping
Floodplain mapping is a specialized GIS technique used to delineate and analyze areas that are subject to flooding. These maps are created using hydrological data, topographical information, and his
Flow Accumulation Analysis
Flow Accumulation Analysis is a geospatial technique used within hydrology to calculate the accumulated flow into cells within a digital elevation model (DEM). This method analyzes the flow of water
Food Security GIS
Food Security GIS refers to the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in analyzing, monitoring, and managing food security. It involves the use of spatial data and advanced analytical
Forest Biomass Models
Forest biomass models are predictive tools used in forestry and environmental sciences to estimate the quantity of biomass—the total mass of living plants excluding roots—in forests. These models ar
Forest GIS
Forest GIS (Geographic Information System) is a technology-based system that helps researchers and environmental management professionals to collect, manage, analyze, visualize, and interpret data re...
GIS Analysis
GIS Analysis refers to the process of using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to compile, manipulate and interpret geographic data in a spatial context. This process involves the use of advanced ...
GIS Cloud Computing
GIS Cloud Computing refers to the use of remote servers hosted on the Internet for the purpose of storing, managing, and processing geographic information system (GIS) data, rather than a local serve ...
GIS Data
GIS Data, short for Geographic Information Systems data, is a type of data that is specifically designed for use in digital mapping software. It is spatial data that is collected, compiled, and stor...
GIS Mapping
GIS Mapping, also known as Geographic Information Systems mapping, is a type of digitized mapping that integrates data location and attributes to represent information spatially. This technology is ...
GIS Modeling
GIS Modeling, also known as Geographic Information System Modeling, is a method used in geospatial analysis that involves the integration of spatial datasets to generate maps representing specific g...
GIS Predictive Modeling
GIS Predictive Modeling refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to predict future spatial occurrences and patterns based on existing geographical data. This process involves the in
GIS Software
GIS Software, or Geographic Information System Software, is a type of computer program designed to store, retrieve, manage, display, and analyze all types of geographical and spatial data. GIS softw...
GIS-Based Crowd Management
GIS-Based Crowd Management refers to the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to plan, analyze, and manage crowds in various settings, including events, urban areas, and
GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology that determines the precise location of something or someone on earth. It is a navigation system that involves a network of 24 satellites in orbit ...
Geo-Enrichment Techniques
Geo-enrichment techniques refer to the methods and processes used to enhance spatial datasets by integrating additional geographic data and contextual information. These techniques allow for a more
Geo-Routing Algorithms
Geo-routing algorithms are computational procedures used to determine the optimal path or route between two or more geographically determined points on a network. These algorithms aim to optimize va
Geo-Social Networking Maps
Geo-Social Networking Maps are digital maps that incorporate geographic information and social network data to visualize and analyze the spatial relationship between people, places, and activities.
Geo-Spatial Awareness Tools
Geo-spatial awareness tools refer to the technologies, applications, and methods used to gather, analyze, and visualize spatial and geographical data. These tools enable users to derive meaningful i
GeoJSON
GeoJSON is a geospatial data interchange format based on JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). It defines several types of JSON objects and the manner in which they are combined to represent data about ...
GeoJSON Parsing
GeoJSON Parsing refers to the process of interpreting and converting GeoJSON data into a usable format within geographic information systems. GeoJSON is a format for encoding various geographical da
GeoWeb
The GeoWeb is a conceptual framework that combines geographic information systems (GIS) and the World Wide Web, providing access and interaction capabilities with geographic information in a network ...
Geocoded Address Validation
Geocoded address validation is the process of verifying the accuracy and correctness of geocoded addresses, ensuring that the geographical coordinates correspond to the actual physical location inte
Geocoding
Geocoding is a computational process that transforms a postal address or place name into spatial data that can be displayed as features on a map, typically by associating the text with a pair of lat...
Geocoding Algorithms
Geocoding algorithms are computational processes used in geographical information systems (GIS) to convert physical addresses into geographic coordinates. These algorithms analyze the s
Geodata Curation
Geodata curation involves the meticulous process of managing, preserving, and stewarding geospatial data. This process ensures that geospatial data remains accessible, accurate, and usable over time
Geodetic Adjustment
Geodetic Adjustment is a process used in the field of geodesy, which involves refining measured geospatial data to ensure it accurately represents the true positions of points on the Earth's surface
Geodetic Points
Geodetic points, also known as geodetic control points, are precise and accurately defined locations used in geodesy and surveying that form part of a framework for geospatial measurements and mappi
Geographic Annotation
Geographic annotation is the process of adding labels, markers, and other reference information to a map or spatial data to provide additional context, clarity, and understanding. These annotations
Geographic Clusters
Geographic clusters refer to spatial groupings of related phenomena, entities, or activities in a specific geographic area. These clusters can occur naturally or be the result of human actions and a
Geographic Contextualization
Geographic Contextualization refers to the process of providing additional locational, environmental, and cultural context to geographic data in order to enhance the understanding and interpretation
Geographic Coordinate System
A Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) is a type of coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers or letters. It is a system that uses latitude and longitu...
Geographic Data Models
Geographic Data Models are the abstract representations and structures used to encode the spatial characteristics of geographic entities in a digital format. These models serve as the foundation for
Geographic Divisions
Geographic divisions refer to the method of segmenting the Earth's surface into distinct areas for various analytical and administrative purposes. This segmentation is based on a range of criteria i
Geographic Extents
Geographic Extents refer to the spatial boundary or coverage area of a dataset, map, or study. This term is used to describe the outermost parts of a geographic area included in a dataset, often rep
Geographic Information Science
Geographic Information Science (GIScience) refers to the academic discipline and broad-based scientific research field that studies the theories, methods, technologies, and applications related to ge...
Geographic Information System
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a framework utilized for capturing, storing, processing, analyzing, managing, and presenting diverse types of geographical and spatial data. The system provi...
Geographic Patterns
Geographic patterns refer to the spatial arrangements or the distribution of features, phenomena, or elements on the Earth's surface. These patterns can manifest in various forms, such as clusters,
Geographic Weighted Regression
Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) is an advanced statistical technique used in geographic information systems (GIS) to model spatially varying relationships. It extends traditional regression ana
Geohazard Analysis
Geohazard analysis refers to the systematic study and assessment of geological hazards that could potentially impact human life, infrastructure, or the environment. These hazards include natural eve
Geoid Modeling
Geoid modeling is a geodetic tool used to understand and represent the shape of the Earth's gravity field. The geoid is a hypothetical surface representing the mean sea level across the Earth's ocea
Geoinformation Management
Geoinformation Management refers to the methodology and practices involved in the collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination of geospatial data. It is a systematic approach to managing informa
Geological Cross-Sections
Geological cross-sections are diagrammatic representations of the subsurface features of the earth, displayed in a vertical plane. They serve as a crucial tool for geologists and other related disci
Geological Faults
Geological faults are fractures or zones of weakness in the Earth's crust along which displacement has occurred. They represent significant breaks in the rock layers and are often associated with te
Geological Layers
Geological layers, also known as strata, are distinct layers of sediment or rock deposits that are arranged in chronological order within the Earth's crust. These layers form through processes like
Geomarketing
Geomarketing refers to the integration of geographical intelligence into various aspects of marketing, including sales and distribution. This involves utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Geonetwork
GeoNetwork is an open source software that manages spatial information and related metadata. It is a standards-based geographical information system (GIS) that provides a platform for creating and m...
Geoportal
A geoportal is a type of web portal used to find and access geographic information (geospatial information) and associated geographic services (such as GIS services) via the Internet. Geoportals are ...
Geoprocessing Scripting
Geoprocessing scripting is the use of programming languages to automate geographic data analysis and processing tasks. It involves writing code to manipulate spatial data in various formats, conduct
Georeferencing
Georeferencing is a process that involves relating internal spatial coordinates to geographic coordinates defined by the earth's surface. In Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Geomatics, geore...
Geospatial AI
Geospatial AI, also commonly known as GeoAI, is the combination of geographical information systems (GIS) and artificial intelligence (AI). It's a multidimensional field that applies AI techniques t...
Geospatial Advertising Strategies
Geospatial advertising strategies refer to the use of geographic data and information to optimize marketing campaigns by targeting audiences based on their physical locations. This approach leverage
Geospatial Analysis
Geospatial analysis is a comprehensive terminology that encompasses various forms of analyses involving data that has geographical or spatial aspect. The primary focus of geospatial analysis is to u...
Geospatial Boundaries
Geospatial boundaries refer to the defined perimeters or limits of a specific geographical area or space that is established for various purposes such as mapping, analysis, or management. These boun
Geospatial Cloud Computing
Geospatial Cloud Computing refers to the use of cloud computing resources in the processing, analysis, and visualization of geographic information. It involves the use of cloud-based platforms for s...
Geospatial Cloud Platforms
Geospatial Cloud Platforms are digital systems that provide software and infrastructure resources through the cloud to store, analyze, and manage geospatial data. These platforms enable users to per
Geospatial Correlation Models
Geospatial correlation models refer to statistical techniques that are used to measure and analyze the relationship between variables across space. These models help in understanding ho
Geospatial Data
Geospatial data, also known as spatial data or geographic information, refers to information about a physical object that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. Ess...
Geospatial Data Cleaning
Geospatial data cleaning refers to the process of identifying and correcting errors or inconsistencies in geospatial datasets. This involves addressing inaccuracies, filling in missing values, recti
Geospatial Data Normalization
Geospatial data normalization is the process of adjusting and standardizing geographical data to eliminate data redundancy and ensure consistency across datasets. It involves transforming diverse da
Geospatial Data Science
Geospatial Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that involves utilizing statistical, computing, and data analysis techniques in the interpretation and comprehension of geographic or spatial pa...
Geospatial Forensics
Geospatial forensics involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of geographically referenced data to uncover evidence and provide insights in legal investigations. It combines the princip
Geospatial Indexing
Geospatial Indexing refers to the technique of creating spatial indexes that store and manage geographical data efficiently. This method facilitates rapid retrieval of spatial data, imp
Geospatial Intelligence
Geospatial Intelligence, often abbreviated as GEOINT, is the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographic ...
Geospatial Interoperability
Geospatial Interoperability is a concept in the field of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) that pertains to the ability of diverse and various geospatial systems, applications, and datasets to ...
Geospatial Interpolation Engines
Geospatial Interpolation Engines are computational tools or systems designed to estimate unknown values at specific geographic locations based on known values collected from surrounding locations. T
Geospatial Query Optimization
Geospatial query optimization refers to the techniques and processes used to enhance the efficiency and speed of retrieving and processing spatial data from databases. It involves strat
Geostatistical Analysis
Geostatistical analysis is a branch of spatial statistics that deals with the characterization and quantification of spatial patterns and processes observed in geographical data. Primarily used to p
Geostatistics
Geostatistics is a branch of statistics that focuses on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets. It includes the statistical analytics required for the understanding and interpretation of data that vary s...
Glacier Coverage
Glacier coverage refers to the extent and distribution of glacier ice across the Earth's surface. This measurement is vital in monitoring the effects of climate change, as glaciers are sensitive ind
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) refer to a constellation of satellites providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers. These highly
Google Earth
Google Earth is a digital globe, map and geographical information program that was originally named EarthViewer 3D created by Keyhole, Inc, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funded company acquired ...
Green Spaces
Green spaces refer to areas of vegetation within urban and suburban environments that are designated for landscaping, recreation, ecological functions, or natural habitats. These spaces can include
Grid-Based Analysis
Grid-based analysis is a spatial analysis method utilized in geographic information systems (GIS) where the geographic space is divided into a grid of cells, each representing a uniform area. These
Ground Truth Verification
Ground truth verification is the process of validating and confirming the accuracy of interpreted data or predictions through direct observation or measurement in the natural environment. This proce
Groundwater Quality Mapping
Groundwater quality mapping is the process of creating spatial representations of groundwater characteristics, specifically focusing on aspects such as contamination levels, mineral compositions, pH
Habitat Corridors
Habitat corridors are crucial components within the landscape that play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecological processes. They are linear spaces that connect two or more large
Hazard Maps
A hazard map is a specific kind of map that illustrates areas of risk from natural disasters or environmental hazards. It is a tool used in disaster management and urban planning to show the probabi
Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA) is a systematic approach used to assess the potential risks and vulnerabilities associated with various hazards that might impact a specific area, organization, o
Health Facility Accessibility
Health facility accessibility refers to the ease with which individuals can reach and utilize healthcare services. It encompasses various factors such as geographical proximity, availability of tran
Heatmap Creation
Heatmap creation is the process of generating heatmaps, which are graphical representations of data where individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors. In the context of geograp
High-Density Data Visualization
High-density data visualization refers to the techniques and methodologies employed to represent large and complex datasets in a manner that is comprehensible and interpretable. This visualization p
Hillshade Mapping
Hillshade mapping is a technique used in geographic information systems (GIS) to create a visual representation of terrain. It simulates the effects of light shining from a specified direction acros
Historical GIS Mapping
Historical GIS Mapping refers to the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies to historical research. It involves the use of geospatial data to map and analyze historical eve
Historical Maps
Historical maps are representations of geographical areas from the past. They are typically created from original surveys and geographical exploration data and show the graphical depiction of region
Human Geography
Human Geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of human activities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment. It is concerned with understanding the spatial asp
Human Geography GIS
Human Geography GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refers to the application of GIS technology in the field of human geography. This involves the use of spatial analysis and mapping tools to under
Hydraulic Modeling
Hydraulic modeling is a specialized area within the broader field of geographical information systems (GIS) that involves the use of mathematical models to simulate the flow of water through natural
Hydrographic Features
Hydrographic features refer to the various physical components related to water bodies on the Earth's surface. These include entities such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, canals, and other watercour
Hydrological Features
Hydrological features refer to the various elements of water bodies and systems found within a geographic area. These features include rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, wetlands, and any man-made
Hydrology Modeling
Hydrology modeling refers to the mathematical representation of water flow and distribution, which includes the nature and movement of water on and under the earth's surface. These models are critic ...
Image Rectification
Image rectification is the process of transforming an image so that the geometric distortions are adjusted, and the image conforms to a specific map projection or coordinate system. This ensures tha
Indoor Mapping
Indoor mapping refers to the process of creating detailed digital representations of the interior spaces of buildings. Unlike outdoor mapping, which primarily focuses on large-scale geo
Integrated Coastal Zone Mapping
Integrated Coastal Zone Mapping (ICZM) refers to the coordinated process of collecting, analyzing, and managing spatial data related to coastal environments. The primary aim of ICZM is to facilitate
Integrated Wildlife Corridors
Integrated Wildlife Corridors are specially designated areas that link wildlife habitats separated by human activities or structures, such as roads, agriculture, or urban development. These corridor
Interactive Flood Hazard Maps
Interactive Flood Hazard Maps are dynamic digital cartographic tools that visually represent areas at risk of flooding. These maps combine geographical information systems (GIS) technol
Interactive Map Dashboards
Interactive map dashboards are visual representation tools that integrate maps and data analytics to facilitate real-time interaction, visualization, and understanding of spatial data. These dashboa
Interpolation Techniques
Interpolation techniques in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refer to the methods used to estimate unknown values at a particular location based on known values at surrounding locations. These t
IoT in GIS
Internet of Things (IoT) in Geographic Information System (GIS) refers to the integration of mapping and spatial analytics with various connected devices that collect and share real-time data via the ...
Isolines
Isolines are lines on a map that connect points of equal value. These values can represent various types of data, such as elevation, temperature, pressure, or other geographic informati
KML
Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is a file format used to display geographic data in an earth browser, such as Google Earth, Google Maps, and Google Maps for mobile. It is an Open Geospatial Consortium ...
Land Cover
Land cover refers to the physical material at the surface of the earth, encompassing a variety of natural and man-made features. It includes vegetation such as forests, grasslands, and
Land Elevation
Land elevation refers to the height of a specific point on the earth's surface above a fixed reference point, typically mean sea level. It is a crucial aspect of topography and is used
Land Parcels
Land parcels are defined as contiguous areas of land that are considered a single unit for the purposes of ownership, management, and taxation. These parcels are delineated by boundaries that are re
Land Tenure Mapping
Land tenure mapping is a process involving the collection, analysis, and visualization of data related to land ownership and rights. It is a specialized domain within geographic information systems
Land Use
Land use pertains to the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and ma...
Land Use Change Detection
Land use change detection refers to the process of identifying and analyzing changes in the way land is utilized over time. This involves the use of remote sensing technology, geographic information
Landform Analysis
Landform analysis refers to the systematic study of the various physical features that shape the earth's surface. These features, known as landforms, include mountains, valleys, plains, plateaus, hi
Landforms
Landforms are the natural physical features on the Earth's surface. These features are sculpted by various geological processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, volcanic activity, and tecto
Landscape Features
Landscape features refer to the various physical attributes and forms that make up the land surface of a geographic area. These features are characterized by their natural or human-mad
Landscape Metrics Mapping
Landscape Metrics Mapping refers to the process of quantifying the spatial patterns and structures of landscapes using geometric and statistical measures. These metrics are used to describe the comp
Landslide Runout Models
Landslide runout models are predictive tools used in the field of geoscience and geospatial analysis to estimate the extent and behavior of landslide material during its downslope movement. These mo
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping is a specialized branch of geographic information system (GIS) applications focusing on identifying areas prone to landslides. This process involves ana
Latitude
Latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek lett...
Latitude Zones
Latitude zones are specific regions on the Earth's surface that are defined by particular ranges of latitude measurements. These zones are a way to categorize different parts of the wor
Legal Boundaries Mapping
Legal boundaries mapping refers to the process of creating accurate representations of legally defined boundaries on a map. These boundaries could include property lines, political boundaries such a
Lidar
Lidar, an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging, is an active remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure distances to the Earth. These light pulses, combined wi...
Lightning Strike GIS
Lightning Strike GIS refers to the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in capturing, analyzing, and visualizing data related to lightning strikes. This technology is used in various
Linear Referencing
Linear referencing is a method used in geographic information systems (GIS) to identify locations on a line using relative positioning rather than absolute coordinates. This technique allows for ref
Livability Index Maps
A Livability Index Map is a tool that visualizes various factors contributing to the quality of life in a specific area. It aggregates data from numerous categories, such as housing affordability, t
Local Climate Zones (LCZ)
Local Climate Zones (LCZ) are defined as a classification system for assessing and understanding variations in climate at the local scale. This system identifies different types of urba
Local Geography
Local geography refers to the study and analysis of specific physical, cultural, economic, and social characteristics of a defined area, typically a neighborhood, city, or community. It focuses on t
Local Terrain
Local terrain refers to the physical features and the layout of land in a specific area or region. This often includes the assessment of natural and man-made features such as elevations, slopes, dep
Location Intelligence
Location Intelligence (LI) is a business analysis tool capability that aids in visualizing geographical relationships within data. It employs geographic information system (GIS) data and analytical t...
Location-Based Data Aggregation
Location-based data aggregation refers to the process of collecting, compiling, and summarizing geographic data from various sources to generate meaningful insights. This involves accum
Location-Based Services Development
Location-Based Services Development refers to the creation and enhancement of applications or platforms that utilize geographic location data to provide personalized and context-aware services to us
Longitude
Longitude refers to the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object. It is usually measured in degrees (°), ...
Longitude Zones
Longitude zones are divisions of the Earth’s surface based on longitude, which is the angular distance measured in degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian. These zones are critical
Machine Learning in GIS
Machine Learning in GIS refers to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, specifically machine learning (ML), in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This integration allows sys...
Map Accuracy
Map accuracy refers to the degree to which a map's representation of geographical features and locations corresponds to the true or accepted values. This concept encompasses both positional and attr
Map Annotations
Map annotations refer to text, symbols, or graphics that are added to a map to provide additional information or context which is not inherently part of the geographic data. They can include labels,
Map Caching
Map caching is a process in geographic information systems (GIS) used to store pre-rendered map images. These images are stored at various scales within a cache so that they can be quickly retrieved
Map Compilation
Map compilation is the process of collecting, assembling, and organizing geographical data from various sources to produce a comprehensive and accurate map. This process involves the integration of
Map Projection
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Map projections are needed for crea...
Map Scale
Map scale refers to the relationship or ratio between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. It is a critical component of cartography and is essential for accurately re
Map Symbology
Map symbology refers to the use of symbols to represent real-world objects or themes on a map. These symbols can include points, lines, polygons, and various other graphic elements used
Mapping Urban Morphology
Urban morphology is the study of the form, structure, and layout of urban spaces. It involves analyzing the physical layout and organization of cities and towns, including their streets, plots, and
Marine Bathymetry
Marine bathymetry is the study and measurement of the underwater topography of ocean floors, seas, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies. It involves mapping the physical characteristic
Marine GIS
Marine Geographic Information System (Marine GIS) is a specialized branch of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that is tailored specifically to the marine environment. Marine GIS is specifically ...
Marine Protected Areas GIS
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to understand, manage, and analyze spatial data related to marine protected areas. MPAs are regions of the
Marine Traffic GIS
Marine Traffic GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refers to the use of GIS technology to collect, analyze, and visualize data related to marine vessels and their movement patterns. This system is
Marine Zones
Marine zones are specific areas within oceanic or coastal environments that are defined by particular ecological characteristics, legal jurisdictions, or management purposes. These zones are crucial
Metadata
Metadata, within the context of Geographic Information System (GIS), is essential data about other data. It succinctly outlines the basic attributes and characteristics of certain data, thereby prov...
Metadata Schema
A metadata schema is a structured framework or set of standards used to organize and describe information about data. Metadata itself is essentially data about data, providing critical
Microscale Mapping
Microscale mapping refers to the process of creating highly detailed and localized maps that capture information at a much smaller geographical extent, often down to individual buildings, streets, o
Migratory Route Mapping
Migratory route mapping is the process of using geographic information systems (GIS) and other spatial analysis tools to track and visualize the routes taken by migratory species, such as birds, wha
Mining Site Monitoring
Mining site monitoring is the process of observing, measuring, and analyzing various aspects of a mining site to ensure sustainable and safe operations. It involves the use of advanced
Mobile Data Collection
Mobile data collection refers to the process of using mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, or other portable digital devices to gather, store, and transmit information in real-time. This met
Mobile GIS
Mobile Geographic Information System, abbreviated as Mobile GIS, is a geographic information system that is capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, processing, and presenting geospatial data and i...
Mountain Ranges
Mountain ranges are a series of mountains connected by high ground, typically formed through tectonic forces such as the collision of tectonic plates, volcanic activity, and other geological process
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a method used to evaluate and prioritize options by considering multiple criteria. It is a decision-making tool that allows stakeholders to as
Multi-Resolution Raster Analysis
Multi-Resolution Raster Analysis refers to the method of processing and analyzing raster data at various spatial resolutions. Raster data is a grid-based data format that consists of rows and column
Multi-Temporal Analysis
Multi-Temporal Analysis refers to the examination of datasets collected at different times to identify changes and trends in a particular environment over a specified period. This method is essentia
Multi-Touch Mapping Interfaces
Multi-Touch Mapping Interfaces refer to the interactive platforms that leverage touch screen technology to manipulate, navigate, and analyze spatial data on maps using multiple fingers
Multi-User GIS Collaboration
Multi-User GIS Collaboration refers to a system or methodology that enables multiple users to access, edit, and work on a Geographic Information System (GIS) simultaneously. This collaborative appro
Multimodal Network Analysis
Multimodal Network Analysis is the study and examination of transportation networks that involve multiple modes of transportation. These modes can include walking, cycling, driving, public transit,
National Borders
National borders are formally recognized lines that define the geographical boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as countries. These borders separate one nation from another
Natural Disaster Simulations
Natural disaster simulations refer to the use of models and computer programs to recreate and analyze potential scenarios of natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires.
Natural Divides
Natural divides refer to geological formations or geographic features that serve as natural boundaries between different drainage basins or separate areas of distinct topographical features. These d
Natural Features
Natural features refer to the natural elements of a landscape, which may include geophysical formations, landforms, vegetation, hydrological features, and any aspect of the environment that occurs w
Natural Resource Maps
Natural Resource Maps are specialized types of maps that are used to visualize the distribution, location, and abundance of natural resources across a specific geographical area. These resources can
Network Analysis
Network Analysis in terms of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to a set of techniques used for subdividing, examining, modeling, and interpreting the geometric or topological properties of ...
Network Buffer Analysis
Network Buffer Analysis is a spatial analysis technique used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for identifying an area around a network or path. Rather than radiating out from a point in a geo
No-Fly Zone Mapping
No-Fly Zone Mapping is the process of identifying and charting areas where aircraft are not permitted to fly. These zones can be established for multiple reasons, including national security, safety
Noise Mapping in Urban Areas
Noise mapping in urban areas refers to the graphical representation of noise levels within a specified geographical region, often a city or metropolitan area. It is a tool used to visualize the dis
Noise Pollution Mapping
Noise pollution mapping is a specialized process within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that involves the visualization and analysis of noise levels in a specific area. This form of mapping is
OGC
The OGC, or Open Geospatial Consortium, is a global consortium of companies, government agencies, research organizations, and universities participating in a consensus process to develop publicly ava...
Ocean Current Mapping
Ocean current mapping is the process of representing the flow and circulation of ocean currents on a map. These maps visually depict the movement of water within the world's oceans, including both s
Ocean Currents
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of water within the world's oceans driven by various factors including wind, water density variations (due to temperature and salinity differenc
Oceanographic Data Visualization
Oceanographic data visualization refers to the graphical representation of data related to the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the world's oceans. This technique involves
Oil Spill Tracking
Oil spill tracking refers to the process of monitoring and analyzing the movement and dispersion of oil spills in marine and terrestrial environments. This practice is crucial for mitigating environ
Open Data Standards for GIS
Open Data Standards for GIS refer to established guidelines and specifications that ensure geographic data can be accessed, shared, and used across different systems and organizations without restri
Open-Source GIS
Open-Source GIS refers to Geographical Information System software where the source code is freely available and can be viewed, modified, and distributed by anyone. Open-source software is based on ...
OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is an internationally recognized open-source mapping project that utilizes the power of a global community to create, update and share detailed and accurate maps of the world. Ju...
Orographic Features
Orographic features refer to the physical characteristics and phenomena associated with mountains and the topography involving elevated landforms. These features significantly influence climatic and
Orthophoto
An Orthophoto, also known as an orthoimage or orthophotograph, can be defined as an aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected or "orthorectified" in a way such that the scale is unifor...
Overlay
In Geographic Information System (GIS), an overlay is an essential operation used to merge geographic and attribute data from two or more geographic layers to create a new map layer.
Paleogeographic Mapping
Paleogeographic mapping involves the reconstruction and representation of the Earth's geographic features at various points in geological time. This branch of geoscience utilizes geological and pale
Parcel Data Aggregation
Parcel data aggregation refers to the process of compiling and combining parcel-level geographic information system (GIS) data into a consolidated dataset. Parcels are defined as divisions of land o
Parcel Fabric Editing
Parcel fabric editing is a specialized process within geographic information systems (GIS) focusing on the management and modification of cadastral data, which represents land ownershi
Path Analysis
Path Analysis is a statistical technique used in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) where direct and indirect effects among the variables of a system are studied by specifying causal relations betwee...
Peak Analysis in Elevation Data
Peak Analysis in elevation data refers to the process of identifying and scrutinizing the highest points or peaks within a given set of topographic or elevation data. This analysis is crucial for va
Permafrost Monitoring
Permafrost monitoring refers to the systematic observation and measurement of the perennially frozen ground that is found in polar regions as well as some alpine areas. This process inv
Permafrost Regions
Permafrost is a layer of soil or rock that remains frozen for more than two consecutive years. It is primarily found in high-latitude regions such as the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as in alpine a
Phenological Mapping
Phenological Mapping is the process of creating visual representations that capture the timing of biological events as they relate to climatic conditions. These visual depictions illustrate the patt
Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic i
Physical Features
Physical features in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are natural attributes of the Earth's surface, which include elements such as mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys, plains, and
Physiographic Regions
Physiographic regions are distinct areas of the Earth's surface, differentiated by natural boundaries, and characterized by unique geological structures, climate, vegetation, and geomorphologic proc
Pipeline Route Analysis
Pipeline Route Analysis is a vital process within the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which involves evaluating and determining the optimal paths for installing pipelines. This analys
Place Names
Place names, also known as toponyms, are the names given to specific geographic locations on the Earth's surface. These names can refer to natural features such as rivers, mountains, a
Plate Boundaries
Plate boundaries refer to the edges where two or more tectonic plates meet. These boundaries are significant in geology because they are often the sites of geologic activity such as earthquakes, vol
Point Cloud Processing
Point cloud processing refers to the manipulation and analysis of point cloud data, which consists of a large number of data points in a coordinate system that represents the external surface of an
Polygon Generalization
Polygon Generalization refers to the process of simplifying the representation of a polygon in geographic data. This is achieved by reducing the number of vertices, while retaining the essential sha
Population Density
Population density is a measurement that calculates the number of people living per unit of area, commonly expressed as inhabitants per square kilometer or square mile. This quantification helps in
Population Density Mapping
Population density mapping is the process of creating visual representations that depict the number of people living in a specific area, usually expressed as the number of individuals per unit of la
Population Health Mapping
Population Health Mapping refers to the process of visually representing various health-related data over geographic areas. It involves the use of maps and geographic information systems (GIS) to an
Population Heatmaps
Population heatmaps are graphical representations of data where varying levels of population density within a specific geographic area are depicted using color gradients. These maps provide an intui
Precision Irrigation Mapping
Precision Irrigation Mapping refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to create detailed maps that guide the implementation of irrigation systems. Th
Predictive Vegetation Models
Predictive vegetation models are computational tools used to simulate and forecast the distribution and dynamics of vegetation types based on environmental variables, historical data, a
Projected Coordinate System
A Projected Coordinate System (PCS) is a type of spatial reference system that represents the three-dimensional earth on a two-dimensional plane. It employs mathematical techniques to convert spheri...
Property Boundaries
Property boundaries refer to the defined edges or perimeters of a specific parcel of land. These boundaries delineate separate plots of land, often for purposes of ownership, land use, or zoning. Th
Property Tax Mapping Systems
Property Tax Mapping Systems are specialized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) used by government entities to manage, analyze, and visualize property tax data. These systems integrate spatial inf
Property Value Heatmaps
A property value heatmap is a graphical representation of geographical data that uses color variations to demonstrate differences in property values across a specific area. This type of
Protected Areas
Protected areas are geographic spaces, on land or at sea, dedicated and managed to achieve the long-term conservation of nature, along with the ecosystem services and cultural values they provide. T
Proximity Analysis
Proximity analysis in GIS refers to a group of spatial analysis techniques used to determine the relationships between a spatial feature and its surrounding environment. This type of analysis assess
Public Health GIS
Public Health GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is a field that uses geospatial technology and data to understand and support public health initiatives and practices. It serves as a tool to visua...
Public Transportation Accessibility
Public Transportation Accessibility refers to the ease of reaching and using public transportation systems, such as buses, trains, subways, and trams. It encompasses various factors including the pr
QGIS
QGIS, also known as Quantum Geographic Information System, is an open-source software application that performs various tasks related to digital mapping technologies. It provides data visualization, ...
Radial Distance Analysis
Radial Distance Analysis is a geographic information system (GIS) technique used to measure and analyze the distances from a central point to various surrounding geographic locations or features. Th
Rain Shadow Mapping
Rain shadow mapping is a geographical analysis method used to identify areas that are significantly drier due to their location on the leeward side of a mountain range. This phenomenon, known as the
Rainfall Distribution Mapping
Rainfall Distribution Mapping is the process of visually representing the distribution and variation of precipitation over a specific geographic area. This mapping involves analyzing spatial data to
Rainfall Zones
Rainfall zones are geographical areas classified based on the average rainfall they receive over a specific period, usually annually. These zones help in understanding climate patterns, guiding agri
Rare Species Habitat Models
Rare species habitat models are analytical tools used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to predict the distribution and habitat requirements of species that are considered rare, endangered, or
Raster Algebra
Raster algebra is a set of mathematical and logical operations that are applied to raster data within Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Raster data is composed of a grid of cells, where each cel
Raster Data
Raster data, in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is a type of geospatial data that is represented in a grid or a matrix format. It comprises pixels or cells, with each pixel having ...
Raster Tiling
Raster tiling is a process used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manage large raster datasets by dividing them into smaller, more manageable pieces known as tiles. Each tile represents a s
Real-Time GIS
Real-Time Geographic Information System (RTGIS) is a type of Geographic Information System (GIS) that allows for the live processing and analysis of spatial data. Real-Time GIS is designed to handle ...
Real-Time Geofencing
Real-time geofencing is a location-based service that uses GPS or RFID technology to create virtual boundaries around a specific geographic area. When a mobile device enters or exits th
Real-Time Sensor Integration
Real-time sensor integration refers to the process of connecting and managing incoming data from various sensors to provide up-to-the-minute information and analysis. This integration allows for the
Real-Time Visualization
Real-Time Visualization refers to the immediate or near-instantaneous representation of data in a visual format that is refreshed and updated live as new data streams in. Unlike traditional visualiz
Recreational Areas
Recreational areas are designated spaces set aside for leisure, recreational, and outdoor activities. These areas are often managed by governmental or private entities, emphasizing the preservation
Recreational Use Mapping
Recreational Use Mapping refers to the process of creating maps that highlight areas designated for recreational activities such as hiking, biking, fishing, camping, or other outdoor pursuits. This
Regional Clustering
Regional clustering refers to a geographical process in which a group of locations within a specific region exhibit similar characteristics, trends, or patterns. This process often involves aggregat
Regional Divisions
Regional divisions refer to specific subsets or segments of a larger geographical area. These divisions are used to organize, manage, or analyze a region by breaking it down into smaller, more manag
Regional Geography
Regional geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of specific regions of the world. It examines the distinct characteristics of particular areas, such as their physical, cultural
Remote Areas
Remote areas refer to geographic locations that are distant from urban centers and are often characterized by limited accessibility, sparse population, and minimal infrastructure. These
Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is a science and technology-based method used to gather data or information about objects or features without physically contacting them. It uses a variety of sensors to measure and o...
Remote Sensing Analytics
Remote Sensing Analytics refers to the process of acquiring, processing, analyzing, and interpreting data from a distance, often using satellite or aircraft technology. It allows geographical inform ...
Remote Sensing Workflows
Remote sensing workflows are systematic, step-by-step sequences of processes employed to extract valuable information from satellite or aerial imagery and other remote data sources. These workflows
Renewable Energy GIS Layers
Renewable Energy GIS Layers refer to spatial data sets that represent various aspects of renewable energy. These layers are integral to the analysis, planning, and implementation of renewable energy
Renewable Energy Grid GIS
Renewable Energy Grid GIS refers to the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze, manage, and visualize data related to the integration of renewable energy sources into the p
Retail Location Optimization
Retail Location Optimization is a strategic process used to determine the most effective locations for retail outlets to maximize their accessibility, sales potential, and overall profitability. Thi
Ridge Lines
Ridge lines, in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), represent the linear topographic feature that delineates the highest points along a hill or mountain. These lines trace the crest
River Networks
A river network, often referred to as a drainage system, comprises interconnected rivers, streams, and other bodies of water within a geographical area. These networks are defined by a hierarchy of
Rivers and Tributaries
Rivers are large, natural streams of water that flow toward an ocean, sea, lake, or another river. They are fundamental components of the Earth's hydrological cycle and play a critical role in shapi
Road Accident Heatmaps
A road accident heatmap is a spatial visualization tool that uses color gradients to represent the frequency or intensity of road accidents across a particular area. Traditionally, heatmaps use a ra
Road Network Generalization
Road Network Generalization refers to the process of simplifying or abstracting detailed geographic information of road networks to create maps at a smaller scale. It involves reducing the complexit
Rock Formations
Rock formations are naturally occurring solid aggregations of minerals and mineraloids. These geological formations result from various processes such as sedimentation, cooling, and uplifting over t
Rural Areas
Rural areas are geographic regions located outside towns and cities, often characterized by open landscapes, low population density, and agricultural-based economies. They are the opposite of urban
Salt Flats
Salt flats, also known as salt pans or saline flats, are expansive, flat areas of land covered by salt and other minerals left behind by evaporated bodies of water. These terrains typically form in
Sand Dunes
Sand dunes are natural landforms composed of loose, granular materials such as sand, typically found in deserts, beaches, and other sandy environments. These landforms are shaped by the wind and are
Satellite Constellation Planning
Satellite Constellation Planning refers to the strategic process of designing and organizing the arrangement of multiple satellites working together as a coordinated system. This planning involves d
Satellite Data Fusion
Satellite Data Fusion refers to the process of integrating data from multiple satellite sensors to produce more consistent, accurate, and comprehensive information than could be derived from any sin
Satellite Image Analysis
Satellite Image Analysis refers to the process of extracting useful information and determining the features of an image obtained from a satellite. This type of analysis uses techniques that manipula...
Satellite Imagery
Satellite imagery refers to images of Earth or other planets that are collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. These pictures or photographs are captu...
Satellite Path Planning
Satellite Path Planning refers to the process of determining the optimal trajectory and schedule for a satellite’s movement and operations over a certain period. The primary objective o
Scale
In the context of geographic information system (GIS), scale is an important term that depicts a mathematical relationship between a map's size and the size of the area it represents on the Earth's s...
Scale Optimization
Scale optimization in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of adjusting the level of detail or resolution of spatial data for the purpose of improving performance, precision, o
Sea Level Data
Sea level data refers to measurements and information concerning the ocean's surface level relative to a specific point, commonly known as the geoid or a fixed datum. It encompasses various metrics
Sea-Level Rise Projections
Sea-level rise projections are scientific predictions about how ocean levels are expected to change over a specific period due to factors such as climate change, melting ice caps, and thermal expans
Sectoral GIS Applications
Sectoral GIS Applications refer to the tailored use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) within specific sectors or industries. These specialized applications are designed to address the distinct
Sedimentation Rate Mapping
Sedimentation rate mapping is a geospatial analysis technique used to visualize and quantify the rate at which sediment accumulates over a specific geographic area over time. It involves the collect
Seismic Activity Zones
Seismic activity zones, also known as seismic zones, are geographical areas categorized based on their susceptibility to earthquakes and the intensity or frequency of seismic activity they experienc
Seismic Zones
Seismic zones refer to geographical areas that are categorized based on their potential for experiencing earthquakes. These zones are determined through the assessment of historical seismic activity
Semantic Geospatial Ontologies
Semantic geospatial ontologies are structured frameworks that enable the semantic representation and organization of geographic data and concepts. These ontologies provide a formal and logical frame
Sensor Integration in GIS
Sensor Integration in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of incorporating data obtained from various sensors into GIS platforms. Sensors can include devices that collect a wi
Settlement Patterns
Settlement patterns refer to the spatial distribution and arrangement of human settlements across a landscape. These patterns are influenced by various factors such as environment, economic activiti
Shapefile
A shapefile is a popular geospatial vector data format supported by various geographic information system (GIS) software. It is typically used for storing the location, shape, and attributes (non-sp...
Shared Mobility Data Integration
Shared mobility data integration encompasses the process of combining data from various shared mobility services such as bike-sharing, car-sharing, and ride-hailing. This integration aims to create
Shipping Lane Optimization
Shipping Lane Optimization refers to the process of identifying and defining the most efficient and effective routes for vessels to travel across the seas. The goal is to reduce travel time, minimiz
Site Selection
Site Selection in Geographic Information System (GIS) pertains to the process of assessing, analyzing, and choosing an optimal location for a facility or operation based on a diverse array of spatia...
Slope Analysis
Slope analysis is a process used in geographic information systems (GIS) to measure the rate of change in elevation over a specified distance in a landscape or terrain. It is a fundamental component
Smart Building GIS Integration
Smart Building GIS Integration refers to the process of incorporating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology into the design, operation, and management of smart buildings. This integration
Smart Cities
A Smart City is a framework, predominantly composed of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), to develop, deploy and promote sustainable development practices to address growing urbanizat...
Soil Composition
Soil composition refers to the combination of organic and inorganic materials that make up the soil. This includes minerals, organic matter, water, and air. The proportions of these components can v
Soil Erosion Susceptibility
Soil erosion susceptibility refers to the potential of soil to erode due to water, wind, or other natural forces. This concept is essential in understanding the vulnerability of land, dictating how
Soil Moisture Mapping
Soil moisture mapping refers to the process of measuring and representing the moisture content present in the soil over a specific geographic area. It is a crucial component of agricultural planning
Soil Types
Soil types refer to the various categories of soil, characterized by their distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. These characteristics influence the soil's ability to support plant
Solar Energy Potential Mapping
Solar energy potential mapping is the process of using geospatial technology and data analytics to analyze and visualize the availability and viability of solar energy resources in a specific region
Spatial Accessibility Analysis
Spatial Accessibility Analysis is a GIS-based method used to evaluate the ease of reaching desired services or resources from a particular location within a geographic area. It involves calculating
Spatial Analysis
Spatial Analysis is a scientific process that involves the exploration, assessment, modeling, and interpreting of patterns and phenomena concerning space and geography. It uses mathematical techniqu...
Spatial Anomaly Detection
Spatial anomaly detection refers to the identification of patterns or observations in spatial data that significantly deviate from the norm or expected behavior. These anomalies can manifest as outl
Spatial Autocorrelation
Spatial autocorrelation refers to the measure of the degree to which the presence or magnitude of a particular attribute in a geographical location is similar to its neighboring locations. In other
Spatial Behavior Modeling
Spatial Behavior Modeling refers to the process of analyzing and understanding how entities interact within a geographical space. It encompasses the study of patterns, relationships, and dynamics of
Spatial Big Data
Spatial Big Data (SBD) refers to massive volumes of complex and variable data having geospatial or geographic properties. The data may come from various sources such as satellites, aerial remote sen...
Spatial Big Data Analytics
Spatial Big Data Analytics refers to the process of examining large, complex geospatial datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and relationships that are not immediately apparent. This involves lever
Spatial Data Enrichment
Spatial data enrichment is the process of enhancing raw spatial datasets by integrating additional information and attributes that can provide deeper insight, context, and value. This
Spatial Data Federation
Spatial Data Federation refers to the integration and management of spatial data from diverse sources, systems, or repositories to create a unified, cohesive dataset. This federation facilitates the
Spatial Data Infrastructure
A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a framework of spatial data, metadata, users, and tools that interact with each other and provide an efficient and flexible way to use spatial information. It ...
Spatial Data Versioning
Spatial Data Versioning refers to the management and tracking of changes to spatial datasets over time. It involves recording different states or versions of spatial data to allow users
Spatial Database
A spatial database is a database system that has been optimized to store, query, and manipulate geographic and spatial data such as points, lines, and polygons. These databases handle spatial and ge...
Spatial Decision Support Systems
Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) are interactive, computer-based systems designed to assist in decision making while solving complex problems that involve large geographical or spatial compon...
Spatial Interpolation
Spatial interpolation is a method used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that estimates the values of data points at an un-sampled site within an area, based on sampled points from around that ...
Spatial Network Optimization
Spatial Network Optimization refers to the process of enhancing the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of network systems that have a geographical or spatial component. This involves analyzi
Spatial Noise Filtering
Spatial noise filtering is a set of techniques and processes used in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to enhance image quality by reducing or eliminating unwante
Spatial Pattern Analysis
Spatial pattern analysis refers to the examination of the physical distribution of objects or phenomena across a geographical area. It involves assessing the structure, arrangement, and relationship
Spatial Query
A spatial query is a special type of database query supported by spatial databases and geographic information systems (GIS). This type of query is specifically designed to work with data that is asso...
Spatial Regression
Spatial regression is a statistical technique used to establish relationships and associations between different spatial entities. It goes a step further than traditional regression analysis by acco...
Spatial Statistics
Spatial statistics, as the name suggests, is the field of statistics dedicated to spatial data or data associated with locations. This involves any data that can be represented in some spatial form ...
Species Distribution Models
Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are quantitative tools used in ecology and conservation biology to predict the distribution of species across geographic landscapes. These models analyze environme
Statistical Surface Modeling
Statistical surface modeling in the context of geographic information systems (GIS) refers to the process of using statistical methods to generate and analyze continuous surface data representations
Stormwater Management Mapping
Stormwater Management Mapping refers to the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and spatial analysis tools to collect, analyze, visualize, and manage data related to stormwater sy
Stream Networks
Stream networks in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are representations of water flow paths on a landscape, typically visualized as a connected series of linear features. These networks are crea
Sub-Surface GIS Analytics
Sub-Surface GIS Analytics refers to the specialized use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze, visualize, and interpret data that pertains to features or phenomena located beneath the E
Suburban Areas
Suburban areas are regions that lie on the outskirts of city centers, typically characterized by lower population density compared to urban areas and a higher emphasis on residential developments. T
Suitability Analysis
Suitability Analysis is a process utilized in geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the appropriateness of a given area for a particular use or activity. This analysis involves the evalu
Supply Chain Mapping
Supply chain mapping is the process of documenting and visualizing the entire pathway through which goods, information, and resources travel from the source of raw materials to the final delivery to
Surface Analysis
Surface analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of interpreting and understanding the topographical features of a terrain represented in a digital format. It includes
Surface Features
Surface features in the context of geographic information systems (GIS) refer to the visible attributes or characteristics of the Earth's surface that can be mapped and analyzed. These features incl
Surface Roughness Calculation
Surface roughness calculation is a quantitative measure in GIS and remote sensing that assesses the texture and variability of a surface, particularly the undulations and irregularities present. It
Surface Temperature Mapping
Surface Temperature Mapping refers to the process of identifying, analyzing, and visualizing the temperature variation across the surface of the Earth. This technique employs satellite imagery, remo
Surveying Control Points
Surveying control points are specific fixed points used as reference locations in geospatial projects, which are critical for ensuring accuracy and consistency in surveying and mapping efforts. They
TIN
A Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a type of digital surface model used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to depict three-dimensional terrain surfaces. It is constructed by subdividing t...
Temperature Gradients
A temperature gradient is the rate of temperature change in a particular direction over a specified distance. It is a vector quantity, representing both the magnitude and direction of the temperatur
Temporal Raster Data
Temporal raster data refers to a collection of raster datasets that represent the same area at various points in time. These datasets record changes and patterns over time, essential for analyzing t
Terrain Classification
Terrain classification is a process in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing that involves categorizing and labeling different surface features and landforms on the Earth's surface
Terrain Elevation
Terrain elevation refers to the height or vertical distance of a specific point on the Earth's surface above a defined level, typically sea level. It is a critical factor in geographic and environme
Terrain Profiles
A terrain profile is a cross-sectional representation of the land surface along a specific line, showcasing the changes in elevation across a horizontal distance. It provides a side view that illust
Terrain Rendering
Terrain rendering is a process in computer graphics that focuses on visualizing three-dimensional representations of terrain surfaces. It involves creating realistic or stylized images of landscapes
Terrain Slope Analysis
Terrain slope analysis is a geographical method used in geographic information systems (GIS) to measure the steepness or incline of a specific region of the earth's surface. It involves calculating t
Thematic Map
A thematic map is a type of map or chart especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps can portray physical, social, political, cultural, econo...
Thermal Mapping
Thermal mapping is a geospatial technique used to visualize temperature variations across a specific area. This process involves collecting thermal data, often using infrared sensors or cameras, to
Tidal Flats
Tidal flats, also known as mudflats or sandflats, are coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where the substrate consists predominantly of mud or sand. These flats are characterized by their
Time Series Spatial Data
Time series spatial data refers to a series of data points indexed in time order, where each data point is associated with a specific geographical location. This type of data merges the
Topographic Data Processing
Topographic data processing refers to the methods and techniques used to analyze, manipulate, and interpret data related to the Earth's surface features. It involves the handling of data that contai
Topographic Lines
Topographic lines, also known as contour lines, are a cartographic tool used to represent the three-dimensional features of a terrain on a two-dimensional map. These lines connect points of equal el
Topographic Map
A topographic map is a specialized type of map designed to show the physical features, relief, or terrains of an area. It illustrates both the natural and man-made features such as forests, bodies of ...
Topological Relationship Editing
Topological Relationship Editing in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of maintaining, modifying, and verifying the spatial relationships between geometric features within a
Topology
Topology in geographic information systems (GIS) represents the spatial relationships between connecting or adjacent geographic features. It involves the mathematical and logical concept used in GIS ...
Traffic Density Visualizations
Traffic density visualizations refer to graphical representations of traffic data that illustrate the distribution and flow of vehicles within a certain area. These visualizations are crucial in und
Traffic Flow Analysis
Traffic flow analysis is a systematic study of traffic movement in transportation networks, involving the assessment of the number, speed, and type of vehicles using a particular road or intersectio
Trail Systems
Trail systems refer to a network of paths or routes designed for specific activities such as hiking, biking, horseback riding, or other outdoor recreational activities. These trails are often mapped
Transit Routing Analysis
Transit Routing Analysis is a Geographic Information System (GIS) process used to determine optimal and efficient routes for public transportation systems. This involves analyzing various factors su
Transportation Corridors
Transportation corridors are designated, linear areas that facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people. These corridors integrate various modes of transportation, including highways, rail
Transportation GIS
Transportation GIS is a specific category of Geographic Information System (GIS) that is primarily focused on the application of spatial information and geographic functions in transportation-relate ...
Tundra Zones
Tundra zones are geographic areas characterized by a cold climate, a short growing season, and limited vegetation. Typically found at high latitudes in polar regions, tundras are distinguished by th
Underground Mapping
Underground mapping is the process of creating visual representations of subterranean features, structures, and utilities using various geospatial technologies and methods. This involves the identif
Urban Analytics
Urban Analytics is a field of study that utilizes spatial and statistical analysis to understand the patterns, processes, and complexities within urban areas. This analytic practice involves the col...
Urban Areas
Urban areas are regions characterized by high population density and vast human-built features compared to areas surrounding them. These regions are typically cities or towns that exhibit significan
Urban Greenbelts
A greenbelt is a designated area of open space or undeveloped land surrounding urban areas, intended to limit the sprawl of cities and help preserve the natural environment. Urban green
Urban Heat Island Mapping
Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mapping is a specialized method of spatial analysis used to identify and visualize areas within urban environments that experience significantly higher temperatures compared
Urban Land Use Simulation
Urban Land Use Simulation refers to the process of using computational models to predict and analyze the patterns of land use in urban areas. These simulations attempt to understand and foresee how
Urban Planning
Urban planning, also known as city planning or town planning, it is a technical and political process that is used to develop and manage land in urban areas. Its main goal is to ensure the orderly d...
Urban Risk Maps
Urban risk maps are spatial tools designed to identify, assess, and visualize the various risks associated with urban areas. These maps integrate a range of geographical data, including environmenta
Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled and unplanned expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural land, leading to a spread-out development pattern. This phenomenon is characterized by low-d
Urban Sprawl Visualization
Urban Sprawl Visualization refers to the process of creating visual representations of urban expansion and its effects on surrounding areas over time. This technique utilizes Geographic Information
Urban Tree Canopy Mapping
Urban tree canopy mapping refers to the process of using geospatial tools and techniques to identify, analyze, and visualize the distribution and extent of tree cover within urban areas. It involves
Utility Infrastructure Mapping
Utility Infrastructure Mapping refers to the process of collecting, displaying, and analyzing geospatial data related to utilities such as water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, and sewage sys
Utility Network
A Utility Network is a comprehensive geospatial model that allows for detailed representation and management of utility system infrastructure such as water, sewer, gas, electric, and telecommunicati...
Vector Data
Vector data is one of the two main data structures used in Geographic Information System (GIS) to represent spatial data. It models geographical features as collections of points, lines, and polygon ...
Vegetation Belts
Vegetation belts, also known as vegetation zones, refer to distinct areas on the Earth's surface characterized by specific types of plant communities. These belts are primarily determin
Vegetation Index Mapping
Vegetation Index Mapping refers to the creation and usage of maps that display vegetative patterns and conditions across geographical areas. These maps are typically generated using various indices
Vegetation Zones
Vegetation zones, also known as vegetation belts or biomes, are specific geographic areas characterized by distinct plant communities and ecosystems adapted to particular climate conditions, such as
Vegetative Cover Change Analysis
Vegetative Cover Change Analysis refers to the process of examining and quantifying the differences in vegetation cover over time. This analysis is crucial for understanding ecological transformatio
View Corridor Analysis
View Corridor Analysis is a spatial analytical method used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify and evaluate the visibility of landmarks or features from a specific viewpoint or along
Viewshed Analysis
Viewshed analysis is a spatial analysis method in Geographic Information System (GIS) which is used to determine the visibility of a particular object or an area. It takes into account various facto...
Virtual Globe Development
Virtual Globe Development refers to the process of creating and enhancing virtual representations of the Earth or other celestial bodies using sophisticated 3D graphics and geographic information sy
Virtual Reality GIS
Virtual Reality GIS, or VRGIS, is a technology that merges Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Virtual Reality (VR). VRGIS technology enables users to interact with a three-dimensional (3D) re...
Virtual Reality GIS Applications
Virtual Reality Geographic Information Systems (VR GIS) involve the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. This integration enables users to visu
Visual Geospatial Storytelling
Visual Geospatial Storytelling is a method used to convey narratives with the assistance of maps and other geospatial visualizations. This technique leverages spatial data to enhance th
Volcanic Zones
Volcanic zones are regions on the Earth's surface that are prone to volcanic activity. These areas are characterized by active volcanism, the presence of volcanic rocks, lava flows, dikes, and other
Volumetric Analysis
Volumetric analysis in the context of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to the process of measuring, calculating, and analyzing the volume of a specific geographic area or 3D space. It inv
Voronoi Diagrams
A Voronoi diagram is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on the distance to a specific set of points. Each region in a Voronoi diagram contains all the points that are closer to a given poi
Vulnerability Mapping
Vulnerability mapping is a process used in geographic information systems (GIS) to visually represent areas that are susceptible to certain risks or hazards. This involves assessing various environm
WFS
Web Feature Service (WFS) is an open standard created by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) that allows for the requesting and manipulation of geographical features across the web using platform-in ...
WMS
Web Map Service, or WMS, is a widely adopted protocol for providing georeferenced map images over the internet. It is a standard protocol for serving georeferenced map images over the internet that ...
Waste Management GIS Systems
Waste Management GIS Systems are specialized Geographic Information System applications designed to collect, manage, analyze, and visualize spatial data related to waste management. These systems in
Water Bodies
Water bodies refer to significant accumulations of water, either natural or artificial, that are contained in an area. These can include oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, reservoirs, and
Water Body Mapping
Water body mapping refers to the process of identifying and outlining the geographic locations and extents of various water bodies on a map. This task involves the use of geographic information syst
Water Rights GIS
Water Rights GIS is a specialized application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology that provides tools and frameworks for the visualization, analysis, and management of wa
Water Scarcity Mapping
Water scarcity mapping is a geospatial analytical process used to identify areas facing water shortage issues. It utilizes geographic information systems (GIS) technology to visualize and assess th
Watershed Boundaries
A watershed boundary is a geographical delineation that defines the area of land where all the water drains into a common outlet, such as a river, bay, or other body of water. It repres
Watershed Delineation
Watershed delineation is the process of identifying the land area that contributes water flow to a specific point in a river or stream. This process is essential in hydrology and environmental manag
Watershed Impact Studies
Watershed Impact Studies are assessments that evaluate the potential effects of various factors such as urbanization, agriculture, deforestation, and climate change on the hydrological
Weather Data Visualization
Weather data visualization refers to the graphical representation of meteorological data sets using charts, graphs, maps, and other visual tools. This process transforms quantitative measurements in
Weather Patterns
Weather patterns refer to the general behavior of weather elements like temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation over a particular region during a specific period. These patterns are often inf
Web Cartography
Web cartography is the process of designing, creating, and delivering maps on the internet. It involves integrating geographic information system (GIS) technology with web development
Web Feature Editing
Web Feature Editing refers to the ability to modify geographic features and associated attribute data within web-based GIS applications. This process enables users to interact with spatial data in a
Web GIS
Web GIS is an advancement of traditional geographic information systems (GIS) that allows users to access, analyze, and share geographical information over the internet. Utilizing web protocols and i...
Web Map Styling
Web map styling refers to the process of customizing the visual representation of map data on a web-based platform. This involves adjusting various aesthetic elements such as colors, lines, symbols,
Wetland Delineation
Wetland delineation is the scientific process of identifying and mapping the boundaries of wetlands. This process is crucial for environmental protection and involves the assessment and characteriz
Wetlands
Wetlands are ecosystems characterized by the presence of water, either near the surface or at specific times during the year, that supports the growth of water-dependent vegetation. These areas fun
Wildfire Risk GIS Tools
Wildfire risk GIS tools are specialized geospatial technologies used to analyze, assess, and manage the risk of wildfires. These tools integrate geographic information system (GIS) technology with v
Wildlife Habitats
Wildlife habitats are specific natural environments where particular species of plants and animals live and thrive. These habitats provide the essential resources such as food, water, and shelter th
Wildlife Migration Corridors
Wildlife migration corridors are designated pathways that animals use to move between different habitats in search of resources like food, water, and suitable breeding grounds. These co
Wind Directions
Wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind originates. It is typically measured in degrees, with meteorological conventions specifying directions such as North (0° or 360°), East (90
Wind Energy Suitability Mapping
Wind Energy Suitability Mapping is a geographic analysis process aimed at identifying the most suitable locations for wind energy projects. This type of mapping utilizes Geographic Information Syste
Wind Resource Mapping
Wind resource mapping is a process that involves the collection, analysis, and visualization of wind data to assess the potential for wind energy production in a specific geographical area. This pro
Wind Turbine Location Analysis
Wind Turbine Location Analysis refers to the process of using geographic information system (GIS) tools and techniques to determine the most suitable sites for the installation of wind turbines. Thi
Zero Emission Zones Mapping
Zero Emission Zones (ZEZs) are designated areas where only zero-emission vehicles are allowed to operate. These zones are a critical component of urban planning aimed at reducing air pollution, impr
Zonal Aggregation
Zonal aggregation is a spatial analysis technique used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) where statistical or mathematical analyses are applied to spatial data within predefined zones or areas
Zonal Boundaries
Zonal boundaries refer to the delineated areas on a map used for geographical analysis, planning, and decision-making. These boundaries can represent various zones, such as neighborhoods, districts,
Zonal Filtering
Zonal filtering is a process used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze spatial data by comparing zones or areas with specific attributes. This technique involves applying a filter to a
Zonal Statistics
Zonal Statistics is a significant concept in the geographical information system (GIS) analysis which is mainly used to compute the values of a raster within the zones of another dataset. Zonal oper...
Zone Design Automation
Zone Design Automation refers to the process of using automated tools and algorithms to define, create, and manage zones within a geographic information system (GIS). This involves the application o
Zoning Areas
Zoning refers to the process through which municipalities or other governmental entities divide land into different areas or zones, each with a set of regulations and guidelines dictating how the l
Zoning Map
A zoning map is a crucial tool used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that illustrates the zoning ordinance of a specific area, typically a city or county. A zoning ordinance is a rule stating ...
