Wetlands
Definition
Wetlands are ecosystems characterized by the presence of water, either near the surface or at specific times during the year, that supports the growth of water-dependent vegetation. These areas function as a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic environments. The unique hydrological conditions of wetlands support diverse and specialized plant and animal communities.What is Wetlands?
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. They consist of varying types, including marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens, each with its distinctive characteristics. Wetlands occur on every continent except Antarctica and in every climate type, from the tropics to the tundra.Wetlands play a crucial role in the global environment by providing essential services such as water filtration, flood protection, carbon storage, and biodiversity preservation. These ecosystems trap sediments and nutrients, thus preventing them from entering water bodies, and act as natural sponges, absorbing and storing excess rainfall and reducing flood impacts. Wetlands are also recognized for their role in even more specific environmental and hydrological processes, making them vital components of the Earth's ecological framework.
Wetlands are typically distinguished by three characteristics: hydrology, soil type, and vegetation. The hydrology of a wetland refers to the presence and movement of water within the area, which can include various sources such as groundwater, precipitation, and both fresh and saltwater inflows. The soil found in wetlands, often referred to as hydric soil, is saturated with water long enough to create anaerobic conditions, meaning the soil lacks sufficient oxygen for most plants. This leads to the proliferation of hydrophytic vegetation, which are plant species that thrive in water-logged environments.
