Vector Data
Definition
Vector data is one of the two main data structures used in Geographic Information System (GIS) to represent spatial data. It models geographical features as collections of points, lines, and polygons - each of which is associated with a unique identifier and an array of attribute data. These geometric shapes are represented in a mathematical form, which enables a high degree of precision and complexity, making vector data particularly well-suited for detailed geographical analysis.
What is Vector Data?
Vector data is a way of encoding geographic features in a GIS. Each geographic feature is represented as either a point, line, or polygon. Points are used to encode isolated geographic objects, such as trees or buildings. Lines or Polygons are used to represent linear features, like roads or rivers, and areas, such as lakes, forests, or parcels of land.
The key characteristic of vector data is that it maintains an exact mathematical representation of geographic features. The real-world coordinates of each vertex in a vector feature are stored, which means the precision of vector data is only limited by the accuracy of the data collection process, not by the process of encoding the data into the GIS.
Another important characteristic of vector data is that it allows for efficient querying and analysis. Because each feature is associated with a unique ID and an array of attribute data, vector data structures allow for efficient spatial and attribute queries. For example, you could easily use a vector GIS to answer questions like "What is the closest hospital to this location?" or "What is the average income in this neighborhood?"
